Update: The section on the pc called 'In-Home Streaming' is now called 'Remote play'. In this video I will be showing you how to stream the Steam games on yo. It should work since it's a Steam play game but don't take my word for it. If the game is on steam as 'steamplay' then a mac code will work for the windows version and vice versa. I got the first expansion for Civ 5 that way when Amazon had the mac version on sale for cheap. Steam Sale Roundup: September 9th, 2020. Here are the latest Steam sales.Please click on the appropriate flag to see prices in your region. You can also filter, sort and manage your Price Alerts from the Steam Sales page.Please click the 'View' button to. Sign in to your Steam account to review purchases, account status, and get personalized help. Sign in to Steam. Help, I can't sign in. Popular products. Counter-Strike: Global Offensive Dota 2 Among Us PLAYERUNKNOWN'S BATTLEGROUNDS Games, Software, etc.
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- In energy conversion: Steam enginesVst free fl studio mac. …foundations for the use of steam power are often traced to the experimental work of the French physicist Denis Papin. In 1679 Papin invented a type of pressure cooker, a closed vessel with a tightly fitting lid that confined steam until high pressure was generated. Observing that the steam in…Read More
- In energy conversion: Steam engines
effect on
- agriculture
- industry
- In steamSteam power constitutes an important power source for industrial society. Water is heated to steam in power plants, and the pressurized steam drives turbines that produce electrical current. The thermal energy of steam is thus converted to mechanical energy, which in turn is converted into…Read More
- In steam
- logistics
- In logistics: Special features of naval logisticsThe shift to steam was, in a sense, a return to the principle of self-contained propulsion earlier embodied in the oar-driven ship. The gain in control was of course an immeasurable improvement for the long haul, but for a time the inordinate amount of space that had to…Read More
- In logistics: Special features of naval logistics
- mechanical engineering
- In mechanical engineering: Development of machines for the production of powerThe steam engine provided the first practical means of generating power from heat to augment the old sources of power from muscle, wind, and water. One of the first challenges to the new profession of mechanical engineering was to increase thermal efficiencies and power; this was…Read More
- In mechanical engineering: Development of machines for the production of power
- power technology
- In history of technology: Steam enginesHigh-pressure steam engines rapidly became popular in America, partly as a result of Evans’ initiative and partly because very few Watt-type low-pressure engines crossed the Atlantic. Trevithick quickly applied his engine to a vehicle, making the first successful steam locomotive for the Penydarren tramroad in South…Read More
- In history of technology: Steam engines
- work organization
- In history of the organization of work: New industriesPreference for mac download. The introduction of steam-driven machinery—much of it fueled by coal—brought new industries into being or transformed older ones. Coal was replacing wood as a fuel especially in England and northern France, where deforestation had made wood scarce. New demands stimulated growth in the coal-mining industry, yet the organization…Read More
- In history of the organization of work: New industries
use in
- automotive technology
- In automobile: The age of steamMost historians agree that Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot of France was the constructor of the first true automobile. Cugnot’s vehicle was a huge, heavy, steam-powered tricycle, and his model of 1769 was said to have run for 20 minutes at 2.25 miles (3.6 km) per hour…Read More
- In automobile: The age of steam
- elevator’s development
- In elevatorSteam power was applied to such devices in England by 1800. In the early 19th century a hydraulic lift was introduced, in which the platform was attached to a plunger in a cylinder sunk in the ground below the shaft to a depth equal to…Read More
- In elevator
- mining
- In mining: History…until James Watt invented the steam engine in the 18th century. After that, steam-driven pumps could be used to remove water from the deep mines of the day. Early lighting systems were of the open-flame type, consisting of candles or oil-wick lamps. In the latter type, coal oil, whale oil,…Read More
- In mining: History
- printing
- In printing: Koenig’s mechanical press (early 19th century)The prospect of using steam power in printing prompted research into means by which the different operations of the printing process could be joined together in a single cycle.Read More
- In printing: Koenig’s mechanical press (early 19th century)
- road vehicles
- In automotive industry: HistoryAlthough steam-powered road vehicles were produced earlier, the origins of the automotive industry are rooted in the development of the gasoline engine in the 1860s and ’70s, principally in France and Germany. By the beginning of the 20th century, German and French manufacturers had been joined…Read More
- In automotive industry: History
Mohave Generating Station, a 1,580 MW steam-electric power plant near Laughlin, Nevada fuelled by coal
The steam-electric power station is a power station in which the electric generator is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser. The greatest variation in the design of steam-electric power plants is due to the different fuel sources.
Almost all coal, nuclear, geothermal, solar thermal electric power plants, waste incineration plants as well as many natural gas power plants are steam-electric. Natural gas is frequently combusted in gas turbines as well as boilers. The waste heat from a gas turbine can be used to raise steam, in a combined cycle plant that improves overall efficiency.
Worldwide, most electric power is produced by steam-electric power plants, which produce about 89% of all electric generation[citation needed]. The only other types of plants that currently have a significant contribution are hydroelectric and gas turbine plants, which can burn natural gas or diesel. Photovoltaic panels, wind turbines and binary cycle geothermal plants are also non-steam electric, but currently do not produce much electricity.
History[edit]
Reciprocating steam engines have been used for mechanical power sources since the 18th Century, with notable improvements being made by James Watt. The very first commercial central electrical generating stations in New York and London, in 1882, also used reciprocating steam engines. As generator sizes increased, eventually turbines took over due to higher efficiency and lower cost of construction. By the 1920s any central station larger than a few thousand kilowatts would use a turbine prime mover.
Efficiency[edit]
The efficiency of a conventional steam-electric power plant, defined as energy produced by the plant divided by the heating value of the fuel consumed by it, is typically 33 to 48%, limited as all heat engines are by the laws of thermodynamics (See: Carnot cycle). The rest of the energy must leave the plant in the form of heat. This waste heat can be removed by cooling water or in cooling towers. (cogeneration uses the waste heat for district heating). An important class of steam power plants is associated with desalination facilities, which are typically found in desert countries with large supplies of natural gas. In these plants freshwater and electricity are equally important products.
Since the efficiency of the plant is fundamentally limited by the ratio of the absolute temperatures of the steam at turbine input and output, efficiency improvements require use of higher temperature, and therefore higher pressure, steam. Historically, other working fluids such as mercury have been experimentally used in a mercury vapour turbine power plant, since these can attain higher temperatures than water at lower working pressures. However, poor heat transfer properties and the obvious hazard of toxicity have ruled out mercury as a working fluid.
Steam plant[edit]
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Condenser[edit]
Diagram of a typical water-cooled surface condenser
Steam-electric power plants use a surface condenser cooled by water circulating through tubes. The steam which was used to turn the turbine is exhausted into the condenser and is condensed as it comes in contact with the tubes full of cool circulating water. The condensed steam, commonly referred to as condensate.is withdrawn from the bottom of the condenser. The adjacent image is a diagram of a typical surface condenser.[1][2][3][4]
For best efficiency, the temperature in the condenser must be kept as low as practical in order to achieve the lowest possible pressure in the condensing steam. Since the condenser temperature can almost always be kept significantly below 100 °C where the vapor pressure of water is much less than atmospheric pressure, the condenser generally works under vacuum. Thus leaks of non-condensable air into the closed loop must be prevented. Plants operating in hot climates may have to reduce output if their source of condenser cooling water becomes warmer; unfortunately this usually coincides with periods of high electrical demand for air conditioning. If a good source of cooling water is not available, cooling towers may be used to reject waste heat to the atmosphere. A large river or lake can also be used as a heat sink for cooling the condensers; temperature rises in naturally occurring waters may have undesirable ecological effects, but may also incidentally improve yields of fish in some circumstances.[citation needed]
Feedwater heater[edit]
A Rankine cycle with a two-stage steam turbine and a single feedwater heater.
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In the case of a conventional steam-electric power plant using a drum boiler, the surface condenser removes the latent heat of vaporization from the steam as it changes states from vapor to liquid. The condensate pump then pumps the condensate water through a feedwater heater, which raises the temperature of the water by using extraction steam from various stages of the turbine.[1][2]
Preheating the feedwater reduces the irreversibilities involved in steam generation and therefore improves the thermodynamic efficiency of the system.[5] This reduces plant operating costs and also helps to avoid thermal shock to the boiler metal when the feedwater is introduced back into the steam cycle.
Boiler[edit]
Once this water is inside the boiler or steam generator, the process of adding the latent heat of vaporization begins. The boiler transfers energy to the water by the chemical reaction of burning some type of fuel. The water enters the boiler through a section in the convection pass called the economizer. From the economizer it passes to the steam drum, from where it goes down the downcomers to the lower inlet waterwall headers. From the inlet headers the water rises through the waterwalls. Some of it is turned into steam due to the heat being generated by the burners located on the front and rear waterwalls (typically). From the waterwalls, the water/steam mixture enters the steam drum and passes through a series of steam and water separators and then dryers inside the steam drum. The steam separators and dryers remove water droplets from the steam; liquid water carried over into the turbine can produce destructive erosion of the turbine blades. and the cycle through the waterwalls is repeated. This process is known as natural circulation.
Geothermal power station in Iceland
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Geothermal plants need no boiler since they use naturally occurring steam sources. Heat exchangers may be used where the geothermal steam is very corrosive or contains excessive suspended solids. Nuclear plants also boil water to raise steam, either directly passing the working steam through the reactor or else using an intermediate heat exchanger.
Superheater[edit]
After the steam is conditioned by the drying equipment inside the drum, it is piped from the upper drum area into an elaborate set up of tubing in different areas of the boiler, the areas known as superheater and reheater. The steam vapor picks up energy and is superheated above the saturation temperature. The superheated steam is then piped through the main steam lines to the valves of the high-pressure turbine.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ abBabcock & Wilcox Co. (2005). Steam: Its Generation and Use (41st ed.). ISBN0-9634570-0-4.
- ^ abThomas C. Elliott, Kao Chen, Robert Swanekamp (coauthors) (1997). Standard Handbook of Powerplant Engineering (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN0-07-019435-1.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^Air Pollution Control Orientation Course from website of the Air Pollution Training Institute
- ^Energy savings in steam systemsArchived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback MachineFigure 3a, Layout of surface condenser (scroll to page 11 of 34 pdf pages)
- ^Fundamentals of Steam Power by Kenneth Weston, University of Tulsa
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External links[edit]
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